In many ways, the solar PV industry still feels very new, especially to the general public. Fly-by-night companies aren’t doing us any favors establishing trust in the longevity of solar either.
So here’s the truth: the concept of solar energy has been around for a long, long time, and technology advances happening right now will ensure it sticks around for an even longer time. It’s sometimes easy to forget about the path solar PV has been on while we’re in the trenches each day, trying to reiterate to a hesitant public that solar power adoption is a good, secure and necessary thing.
The science is there, the proof is there, the longevity is happening right now. Here’s a look back at solar’s journey to arm you with some facts to educate the public and prove solar’s lasting power.
Edmond Becquerel. Source: Wikipedia
1839
While mirrors and other reflective surfaces have been concentrating solar rays to light fires for centuries, and south-facing sunrooms and bathhouses take advantage of the sun’s natural heating qualities, it isn’t until 1839 that the photovoltaic effect is discovered and using the sun to generate electricity is first considered.
French scientist Edmond Becquerel was experimenting with electrolytic cells when electricity was generated when exposed to light. Becquerel was just 19 when he placed silver chloride in an acidic solution and generated voltage and current.
1876
London professor William Grylls Adams and his student Richard Evans Day witness the photovoltaic effect when they expose selenium to light and produce an electrical current. They are unable to convert enough sunlight to power electrical equipment with their selenium solar cells, but it proved that solid materials could produce electricity without moving parts and just using the sun. The idea for a photovoltaic cell is born.
1883
American inventor Charles Fritts creates the first working selenium cell. He coats selenium with a thin layer of gold and this first functioning solar cell has a conversion efficiency of 1%. Fritts’ solar cells are used on the world’s first rooftop solar array in New York City in 1884. But the cells’ high material cost prevents widescale adoption.
Albert Einstein receiving his Nobel award. Source: Public Commons
1905
Gifted mind Albert Einstein finally brings theory explanation to photoelectricity. In the paper “Concerning an Heuristic Point of View Toward the Emission and Transformation of Light,” Einstein describes that light contained packets of energy he called “light quanta.” Quanta today are known as photons. Einstein’s theory helped explain how photons, when properly connected in a circuit, could generate electricity. He went on to win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for “his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.”
Gerald Pearson, Daryl Chapin and Calvin Fuller from Bell Labs. Source: Bell Labs
1954
Concentrated solar power and solar thermal energy applications had been in use for a while, but purely photovoltaic solar isn’t born until U.S. scientists at Bell Labs developed the silicon PV cell. This is the first time enough of the sun’s energy is converted to run electrical equipment. Bell Labs scientists Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller and Gerald Pearson achieved 6% efficiency with this first silicon cell, and soon early solar panels were used to power satellites orbiting the earth. In 1958, the Vanguard I was launched with six solar cells producing about 1 W of power.
Sharp’s early solar cell. Source: Sharp
1963
Research labs continue to improve the efficiency of silicon solar cells, but commercialization is slow to catch on. Sharp begins to successfully mass-produce solar cells in 1963, which brings solar practicality down from space shuttles and satellites to the general public.
The effects of the 1973 oil crisis. Source: David Falconer, EPA
1970s
The 1973 oil crisis leads people to invest in solar research. Dr. Elliot Berman, with funding from Exxon, designs a cheaper solar panel, bringing the price down from $100 per watt to $20 per watt. Berman found that using silicon from multiple crystals was cheaper than using just one crystal, but efficiency was lost. Still today, poly/multicrystalline solar panels are cheaper but less efficient than monocrystalline.
1974
The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) first forms, working to promote, develop and implement the use of solar energy in the United States. The first order of business was to establish a cohesive, profitable industry to even represent.
1977
The U.S. Department of Energy launches the Solar Energy Research Institute, which later becomes known as the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The government-owned lab receives (fluctuating) funding from Congress each year, which is to be applied toward research and development projects.
ARCO solar panels. Source: DOE
1980
ARCO Solar becomes the first panel manufacturer to hit 1 MW of yearly production. Two years later, the solar company installs the first megawatt-scale solar project in California. Through a series of acquisition over decades, ARCO eventually becomes SolarWorld.
1986
ARCO Solar releases the world’s first commercial thin-film power module (made of amorphous silicon). Six years later, the University of South Florida hits 15.9% efficiency with cadmium telluride thin-film (the solar makeup First Solar uses today around 22% efficient).
The first utility-supported solar array. Source: NREL
1993
Pacific Gas & Electric becomes the first U.S. utility to support “distributed systems” with a 500-kW PV array in Kerman, California.
Demonstration home with Uni-Solar solar shingles (invented by Guha). Source: DOE
1998
Inventor and scientist Subhendu Guha invents the first flexible thin-film product labeled as a solar shingle for BIPV use.
The First Solar Perrysburg campus after a 2008 R&D addition by Program Solutions Group. Source: PSG
2000
Worldwide solar PV installations surpass 1 GW. The United States alone hits 1 GW in 2008 and surpasses 25 GW in 2015.
First Solar’s production plant in Perrysburg, Ohio, opens as the world’s largest PV manufacturing plant with an estimated annual production capacity of 100 MW, although the company only reaches 25 MW each year until 2005.
Transparent PV on canopy at a BP gas station with two members of the development team from NREL. Source: NREL
2001
BP and BP Solar open the first “BP Connect” store in Indianapolis, a full-service fueling station with a solar canopy over the pumps. The canopy uses BP Solar’s translucent thin-film modules, and helps usher in the practicality of solar carports and canopies.
Powerlight Corporation (which was acquired by SunPower in 2006) installs a 1.18-MW system on the roof of the Santa Rita Jail in Dublin, California—the largest rooftop solar system in the United States and the fourth largest in the world. The system was predicted to supply 30% of the jail’s daytime needs and save the county $400,000 in the first year of operation.
2002
The North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) formerly establishes as a non-profit corporation to support solar accreditation and certification programs. The first NABCEP Solar PV Installation Professional exam was administered the following year.
2004
The Solar Power Conference and Expo (later to be called Solar Power International) holds its inaugural event in San Francisco.
2005
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 creates a 30% federal investment tax credit (ITC) for residential and commercial solar energy systems. The credit is extended in 2006, 2008 and 2015.
Nanosolar CEO Martin Roscheisen. Source: Nanosolar
2007
Nanosolar ships the first commercialized CIGS thin-film modules. The company estimated it was the world’s lowest-cost solar panel at the time at $0.99/W.
The first Enphase microinverter. Source: Enphase
2008
Enphase releases the first commercially successful microinverter for the solar industry.
Zep Solar’s rail-less mount. Source: Zep Solar
2010
The popularity of Zep Solar’s grooved solar panel frame leads the way for rail-less mounting systems. SolarCity acquires Zep Solar in 2013 to force the innovative installation technique in-house.
2011
The Department of Energy’s SunShot Initiative sets a goal for solar energy to become market-competitive with traditional forms of electricity by 2020. The goal sets targets at 10-cents/kWh for residential, 8-cents/kWh for commercial and 6-cents/kWh for utility-scale PV.
Project Sunroof example. Source: Google
2015
The U.S. residential solar market installs over 2 GW in one year for the first time. The total U.S. installed market surpasses 20 GW.
Google launches Project Sunroof, which uses Google Earth imagery to analyze roofs and local weather patterns to create quick solar plans for homeowners. This tool is an easy first introduction to the solar potential across the country.
2016
In April 2016, the United States installs its one-millionth array. We’re expected to reach 2 million by 2018.
The United States installs 14,625 MW over the year, a 95% increase over 2015’s then record-breaking 7,493 MW. Solar is also ranked as the No. 1 source of new electric generating capacity additions on an annual basis—for the first time ever. A new megawatt of solar PV came online every 36 minutes in 2016.
2017
The installed cost of solar falls to record lows in 2017. Total installed system cost declines in Q1 to $2.80/Wdc for residential, $1.85/Wdc for commercial, $1.03/Wdc for fixed-tilt utility and $1.11/Wdc for single-axis tracking utility, a 6% to 29% decrease from the previous year, depending on market. The LCOE for fixed-tilt utility falls to between 5.0 and 6.6-cents/kWh and 4.4 and 6.1-cents/kWh for single-axis tracking utility—meeting the SunShot utility-scale goal three years early.
2018 and beyond
Only time will tell!
A nice piece on PV history. Missing is the contribution of Dr Hermann Scheer who spear-headed Germany’s Renewable Energies Act which allowed early PV pioneers to sell their PV electricity at a (those days very high) cost reflective price. This incentive has been instrumental to kick-start the exponential growth of PV around the globe.
This is a wonderful summary of the history of solar power. It really illustrates how fast developments have happened more recently. I am sure this will continue in the future.
I’m on my second solar system. The first 1.2kW system was installed in 2005 and I ended up replacing it 10 years later with a 6.6kw because it made financial sense to do so, mainly due to increased efficiency and the government incentives. This one will definitely pay for itself but the first one was a waste of money.
Awesome article. Crazy to think it dates all the way back to the 1800s. In the last 50 years, there’s been so much progress. I feel lucky to be at this point in time. I have a solar panel business and even within the period of 5 years I’ve noticed such a change in attitudes within society. And technologically too, constantly evolving. I recently read an article mentioning a PV cell being made in South Korea which is the size of a human hair. Incredible.
The future is very bright for solar PV.
Storage and synchrophasors will make solar PV snd renewables even more wide spread. People will wonder, how did we do it without renewables at all.
Rumor has it there is a new documentary film that tells the story of the start of the PV industry 😉
Whats the name of the documentary film?
I would like to watch it.
One step for mankind one big step for…
Very good summary. To add a bit to the bones of the founding charter meeting of the Solar Energy Industries Association, it happened in Denver Colorado at the Solar Heating, Cooling and Energy Conservation Conference that was held from May 1, 2 & 3, 1974. Jim Ince was voted to be the Executive Director and Sheldon Butt, President.
The big event in 1998 was that California began its rebate program to kick-start the market for grid-tied PV.
This thrust CA into a national leadership position, and provided a model for other states to follow.
Don’t forget the other Solar –
Prior to 1985 the solar industry called PV Potentially Viable. PV modules were very expensive and Solar Thermal was the Solar Industry.
While you have covered the PV side of solar we should be aware of the other solar – Solar Thermal. In 1984, a 240 MW equivalent solar thermal system was installed at Packerland in WI, with thermal storage. The project had an equivalent of 84 MW of storage. The cost of this project if built today would be the equivalent of 2¢/kWh.
Solar Thermal energy can still contribute significantly to our energy needs at a very competitive cost. The technology remains an under appreciated technology with current US based manufacturers producing at a fraction of their capacity due to the lack of applications engineering knowledge and a fixation with PV at the only form of solar energy.
Maybe include the innovation of violet cells by J. Lindemeyer and Allison in 1972 which improved the efficiency of silicon solar cells by 20% in 1972.
Also reference the pioneering work of Dr. Martin Green at the University of New South Wales.